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From the History of Police Forces

Police is the agency of a community or government that is responsible for maintaining public order and preventing and detecting. crime. The basic police mission — preserving order by enforcing rules of conduct or laws — was the same in ancient societies as it is in the contemporary sophisticated urban environments.

The conception of the police force as a protective and enforcement organisation developed from the use of military bodies as guardians of the peace, such as the Praetorian Guard — bodyguard of the ancient Romans emperors. The Romans achieved a high level law enforcement, which remained in effect until the decline of the empire and the onset of the Middle Ages.

During the Middle Ages, policing authority was the responsibility of local nobles on their individual estates. Each noble generally appointed an official, known as a constable, to carry out the law. The constable's duties included keeping the peace and arresting and guarding criminals. For many decades constables were unpaid citizens who took turns at the job, which became increasingly burdensome and unpopular. By the mid- 16 th century, wealthy citizens often resorted to paying deputies to  assume their turns as constables; as this practice became widespread, the quality of the constables declined drastically.

Police forces developed throughout the centuries, taking various forms. In France during the 17"' century King Louis XIV maintained a small central police organization consisting of some forty inspectors who, with the help of numerous paid informants, supplied the government with details about the conduct of private individuals. The king could then exercise the  kind of justice he saw fit. This system continued during the Louis XV and Louis XVI. After the French Revolution, two separate police bodies were set up, one to handle ordinary duties and the other  to deal with political crimes.

1663 the city of London began paying watchmen (generally old men who were  unable to find other work) to guard the streets at night. Until the end of the 18^th century, the watchmen — as inefficient as they were- along with a few constables, remained the only form of policing in the city. The inability of watchmen and constables to curb lawlessness, particularly in London, led to a demand for a more effective force to deal with criminals and to protect the population.   After much deliberation  in Parliament, the British statesman Sir Robert Peel in 1829established the London Metropolitan Police, which became the world's first modern organised police force.

The force was guided by the concept of crime prevention as a primary police objective; it also embodied the belief that such a force should depend on the consent and cooperation of the public, and the idea that police constables were to be civil and courteous to the people. The Metropolitan Police was well organised and disciplined and, after an initial period of public skepticism, became the mode for other police forces in Great Britain. Several years later the Royal Irish Constabulary was formed, and Australia ,India, and Canada soon established similar organisations. Other countries followed, impressed by the success of the plan, until nations

Throughout the world had adopted police systems based on the British police system is especially significant because the pattern that emerged had great influence on the style of policing in almost all industrial societies.

In the USA, the first full-time organized police department were formed in New York City in 1845 and shortly thereafter in Boston, not only in response to crime but also to control unrest. The American police adopted many British methods, but at times they became involved in local politics. The British police, on the other hand, have traditional depended on loyalty to the law, rather than to elected public officials, as the source of their authority and independence.

The British Police

The British police officer is a well-known figure to anyone who has visited Britain or who has seen British films. Policemen are to be seen in towns and cities keeping law and order, either walking in pairs down the streets(walking the beat") or driving specially marked police cars. Once known as 'panda cars' because of their distinctive markings, these are now often jokingly referred to as 'jam sandwiches' because of the pink fluorescent stripe running horizontally around the bodywork. In the past, policeman were often known as 'bobbies' after Sir Robert Peel, the founder of the police force. Nowadays, common nicknames include 'the cops', pigs', and 'the Old Bill' (particularly in London). Few people realize, however, that the police in Britain are organised very differently from many other countries.

Most countries, for example, have a national police force which is controlled  by central Government. Britain has no national police force, although police policy is governed by the central Government's Home  office .Instead, there is a separate police force for each of 52 areas into whichcountry is divided. Each has a police authority — a committee of local county councillors and magistrates.

The forces co-operate with each other, but it is unusual for members of one force to operate in another's area unless they are asked to give assistance. This sometimes happens when there has been a serious crime. A Chief Constable (the most senior police officer of a force)  sometimes ask for the assistance of London's police force, based at ;New Scotland Yard — known simply as "the Yard".

In most countries the police carry guns. In Britain, however extremely unusual. Policemen do not, as a rule, carry firearms in their day- to-day work, though certain specialist units are trained to do so and can be  called upon to help the regular police force in situations where firearms are involved, e.g. terrorist incidents, armed robberies, etc.The only policemen who routinely carry weapons are those assigned to guard politicians and diplomats, or special officers who patrol airports.

In certain circumstances specially trained police officers can be armed, but only with the signed permission of a magistrate.

All members of the police must have gained a certain level of academic qualifications at school and undergone a period of intensive training. Like in the army, there are a number of ranks: after the Chief Constable comes the Assistant Chief Constable, Chief Superintendent. Chief Inspector, Sergeant and Constable. Women make up about 10 the police force. The police are helped by a number of Special constables— members of the public who work for the police voluntarily for few hours a week.

Each police force has its own Criminal Investigation Department(CID). Members of CIDs are detectives, and they do not wear uniforms.. The other uniformed people you see in British towns are traffic wardens .            Their job is to make sure that drivers obey the parking regulations. They have no other powers — it is the police who are responsible for controlling offences like speeding, careless driving and drunken driving.

The duties of the police are varied, ranging from to safeguarding public order and dealing with lost property. One of their main functions is, of course, apprehending  criminals.