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Government in Great Britain

The Prime Minister is the most senior officer of Her Majesty's Government. The Prime Minister's main responsibilities include: running the Government; appointing   Cabinet   Ministers   and   other ministers; coordinating the activities of the Cabinet    and    Government    Departments; appointing judges, creating Life Peers and making appointments to senior positions in the Church of England; leading the majority party; being the 'face' of the government in the UK and abroad.

The   Prime   Minister   is   technically appointed by the Monarch. The appointment

takes place after the results of a General Election indicate which political party wins the majority of seats in the House of Commons. After a General Election, the Queen calls upon the leader of the largest party to officially appoint him to a post of a Prime Minister, who then forms the

Government and the Cabinet.

The Cabinet is composed of about 20 ministers, although the m vary. It must be large enough to include senior ministers whilst small enough to allow for constructive discussions. 1

The functions of the Cabinet are to initiate and decide on policy, to exercise the supreme control of government and to coordinate Government Departments.

Departmental    ministers   normally    decide    all   matters    within responsibility. However, on important political matters they usually consultcolleagues collectively, either through the Cabinet or through a Cabinet committee. A decision by a departmental minister binds the Government as a whole.

Cabinet ministers are responsible for their departments, but the Cabinet whole is accountable to Parliament for its actions.

Most Cabinet ministers are heads of Government Departments. The work of Government is, therefore, divided among Departments each specializing in a particular subject, e.g. defence, education, trade and industry. The number and responsibilities of Government Departments can be changed by the Prime Minister according to the needs of the country.

These are the key Government Departments:

•    Her Majesty's Treasury is responsible for formulating and putting n the UK Government's financial and economy policy. The Treasury achieve economic stability, low inflation, sound public finances, efficient services and a more productive economy. The Minister in charge is the Chancellor of the Exchequer. The Prime Minister is its political head.

The Home Office is responsible for internal affairs in England and Wales. It seeks to promote a safe, just and tolerant society through its policies to reduce crime, deliver justice and regulate entry to the United Kingdom. It is headed by the Home Secretary.

 The Ministry of Defence provides the defense capabilities to ensure the security and defence of the United Kingdom and the Overseas Territories. It supports the government's foreign policy objectives, particularly those relating to peace and security. It is headed by the Secretary of State for Defence.

The Foreign and Commonwealth Office promotes UK interests abroad and works with international bodies to support a strong world community. The FCO is  responsible  for  the  conduct of business  with  other  governments  and international organisations. This includes developing Britain's role as a member of   the   European   Union,   the   Commonwealth   and   the   United   Nations Organisation. The Minister responsible is the Foreign Secretary. The above list is not comprehensive. There are several other lesser known ministries.

The ministers in charge of Departments are usually of Cabinet rank. They are chosen for their special interest in, or knowledge of, the subjects handled by the Department. They are usually assisted by one or more junior ministers who are not in the Cabinet. The majority of the Government members belong to the House  of Commons, but major Departments often have at least one minister who is a Lord. While ministers act as political heads of Government Departments, the actual administration of the departments is earned out by civil servants also known as permanent secretaries.

As well as government departments there are government agencies formed to operate public services, e.g., the Post Office, British Rail, etc. Most of these agencies are subject to the control of one of the government departments.